The rapid expansion of AI data centers has sparked intense debate over their massive electricity consumption and water usage. Now, a lesser-known environmental issue is gaining attention: the potential spread of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly known as 'forever chemicals.' These substances, which persist in the environment for centuries, are used in data center cooling systems and semiconductor manufacturing, raising alarms among scientists and environmental advocates.
Industry supporters argue that PFAS-based cooling technologies can significantly reduce water consumption, addressing a key criticism of data centers. However, critics warn that increased reliance on these chemicals could worsen a global contamination crisis. PFAS are linked to serious health problems, including cancer, fertility issues, and immune system dysfunction, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.
PFAS in Cooling Systems
Data centers can use PFAS in closed-loop cooling systems, which circulate fluorinated fluids to manage heat. While these systems are designed to be sealed, experts like Kyle Doudrick, an environmental engineering professor at the University of Notre Dame, note that no system is perfect. 'Nothing is 100 percent sealed,' he said, meaning leaks are possible over time.
The American Chemistry Council, a trade group representing chemical manufacturers, confirmed that some data centers are exploring liquid cooling options that use PFAS. These technologies can 'improve cooling efficiency and significantly reduce water use,' the group stated. However, environmentalists like Lenny Siegel, executive director of the Center for Public Environmental Oversight, remain skeptical. 'Closed loop is a great concept, but it doesn't deal with leaks or long-term disposal,' he said.
Industry Response and Transparency
Major tech companies have offered mixed responses. Amazon said it does not currently use liquid immersion cooling, the primary technology driving PFAS concerns. Apple and Google stated they do not use PFAS in their data center cooling processes. Other companies, including Oracle, Meta, and Microsoft, did not respond to inquiries.
The Data Center Coalition, an industry trade group, acknowledged that 'virtually every industry contends with PFAS in its supply chain,' but stressed that the sector takes compliance seriously. Nevertheless, scientists like Kate Manz from the University of Michigan worry about the potential transformation of these chemicals into trifluoroacetic acid, a compound linked to thyroid issues.
Regulatory and Political Context
The Trump administration has been supportive of AI infrastructure, aiming to expedite data center construction. The EPA last year announced it would fast-track the review of certain chemicals for data center use, including at least one PFAS. The agency says this simply prioritizes review, not risk assessment standards. However, the move has drawn criticism from environmental groups, especially given the administration's broader rollback of environmental regulations.
This issue intersects with other environmental debates, such as legal challenges to weakened climate rules and water protections for carbon wells. As data centers proliferate, local communities are raising concerns, with some states like Texas considering penalties for data centers that avoid water reporting.
Experts suggest that while PFAS use in data centers may be limited now, the industry's growth could lead to wider contamination. 'If I lived near a data center, I would feel concerned,' said Manz. The long-term environmental impact remains uncertain, but the debate over 'forever chemicals' is likely to intensify as AI infrastructure expands.
